Spatial analysis of plant detritus processing in a Mediterranean river type: the case of the River Tirso Basin,Sardinia, Italy

The river continuum concept represents the most general framework addressing the spatial variation of both structure and function in river ecosystems.In the Mediterranean ecoregion,summer drought events and dams constitute the main sources of local disturbance to the structure and functioning of river ecosystems occurring in the river basin.In this study,we analysed patterns of spatial variation of detritus processing in a 7th order river of the Mediterranean ecoregion(River Tirso,Sardinia0Italy)and in three 4th order sub-basins which were exposed to different summer drought pressures.The study was carried out on phragmites australis and Alnus glutionsa leaf detritus at 31 field sites in seasonal field experiment Detritus processing rates were higher for Alnus glutionsa than for Phragmites australis plant detritus.Processing rates of Alnus glutionsa leaves varied among seasons and study sites from 0.006d^-1 to 0.189d^-1 and those of Phragmites australis leaves ranged from 0.0008d^-1 to 0.102d^-1,with the lowest values occurring at sites exposed to summer drought.Seasons and sites accounted for a significant proportion of such variability.Alder detritus decay rates generally decreased with increasing stream order,while reed detritus decay rates generallyincreased on the same spatial gradient.Summer drought events affected these spatial patterns of variation by influencing significantly the decay rates of both plant detritus.The comparisons among and within sub-basins showed strong negative influence of summer drought on detritus processing rates.Similarly,in the entire River Tirso basin decay rates were always lower at disturbed than at undisturbed sites for each stream order;decay rates of reed detritus remained lower at those sites even after the end of the disturbance events,while alder decay rates recovered rapidly from the summer drought perturbations.The different recovery of the processing rates of the two leaves could also explain the different patterns of spatial variation observed between the two leaves.     

Relationships between Danish organic farming and landscape composition

This article presents an investigation of relationships between organic farming and landscape composition in Denmark. Landscape composition was analysed in terms of density of uncultivated landscape elements (I), number of land uses per hectare (II), diversity of land use (III) and mean field size (IV). Two analytical approaches were used. The first was based on an examination of the national agricultural registers for 1998, 2001 and 2004. The second approach used aerial photo interpretation for an analysis of 72 conventional and 40 organic farms within three sample areas for 1982, 1995 and 2002. The national analysis indicated that organic farming has a direct effect on landscape composition. In 2001, organic farms were characterised by a higher number of land uses per ha, a higher land use diversity and smaller mean field sizes. From 1998 to 2004, conversion to organic farming was related to an increasing number of land uses per ha, increasing land-use diversity and decreasing mean field sizes. Relationships between organic farming and landscape composition were independent of variations in regional location, farm size or farm size change. At the level of sample areas, a significant relationship between organic farming and landscape composition was only found for densities of small biotopes. However, when differences in farm size and physical geographical conditions between conventional and organic farms were taken into account, several significant differences in landscape composition were clarified in two of the three sample areas. Furthermore, changes in landscape composition following conversion to organic farming were largely biased by the characteristics of the sample areas. Thus, in contrast to the national level, the sample area study indicated that differences in landscape composition between organic and conventional farms were not a direct implication of organic farming practices, but were related to variations within other parameters and to the location of organically farmed land.     

太湖水域PH3的时空变化特征

以太湖为研究对象 ,考察了富营养化浅水湖泊中磷化氢的时空分布特征 .结果表明 ,湖面大气中PH3 由于受风向、天气等因素的综合作用 ,时空分布规律不太明显 .表层湖水和底层湖水由于受到风浪扰动 ,天气变化和船只等的影响 ,不同采样点PH3 的含量变化不大 .同时 ,PH3 浓度沿湖水垂直梯度方向的变化亦较小 .而过滤湖水与原始湖水中PH3 的时空变化在同一采样点位、同一采样时间 ,原始湖水中PH3 的浓度明显高于过滤湖水中PH3 的浓度 .底泥中PH3 含量的变化可能与湖底氧化还原环境和温度有关 ,对于水体污染比较严重的地方底泥PH3 含量较高 .     

空间溢出视角下中国污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应

本研究在着力改善生态环境和调整产业空间布局的背景下,着眼于国民经济行业中高能耗、高污染的污染密集型产业,基于2000—2015年中国30个省区的面板数据,在污染密集型产业识别的基础上,考察了污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染的空间特征,构建了空间面板杜宾模型,并从空间溢出视角,探讨了污染密集型产业集聚的环境效应.研究发现:①污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染均具有显著的空间正相关性;②污染密集型产业集聚和环境污染之间存在显著的倒"U"型曲线关系,对于产业集聚水平较高的山西、宁夏和内蒙古,有望通过空间溢出效应和政策干预发挥减排效应,其他省区集聚水平的提高将会加剧环境污染;③经济发展水平和外商直接投资与环境污染之间均具有显著的正相关关系,而技术创新能力的提高能显著降低污染水平.     

用TDR确定沙壤土非饱和淹灌条件下NH4+的硝化反应及NO3-的入渗迁移

了解污灌土壤微量元素含量空间分布特征是进行土壤环境评价的重要前提。应用地统计学技术对北京东郊污灌区典型地块８种微量元素含量和土壤理化参数进行了空间结构分析。     

基于DMSP/OLS数据的中国碳排放时空模拟与分异格局

精准模拟和精细尺度获取碳排放的时空动态信息，对于合理制定差别化的区域碳减排政策具有重要意义.利用DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据在完成年内和跨年数据的校正、像元去饱和、异常值剔除的基础上，提取了城市建成区范围，并以中国大陆为研究对象，根据夜间灯光数据和碳排放统计数据之间的定量关联，构建面板数据模型模拟了2000~2013年中国的碳排放量；采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析方法与Mann-Kendall检验，探讨了14年间中国碳排放量的时空变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明：系统校正后的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像构建面板模型模拟的碳排放量拟合精度较高，2002，2007和2012年多尺度回归检验的决定系数R²值分别为0.893，0.955和0.951.2000~2013年中国碳排放时空演化差异显著，稳慢增长型和迅猛增长型分别占碳排放区域总面积的77.6%和19.4%，稳慢增长型面域宽广，迅猛增长型主要位于都市区及都市连绵区.受城市规模及城市化发育程度的影响，迅猛增长型空间结构呈"空心型"与"中心型"空间指向性分异.研究提出，促进经济增长方式和发展模式的实质性转变、因地制宜差别化的减排措施与省区联动策略的实施是"精准减排"目标实现的重要途径.     

基于空间网格尺度的中国PM2.5污染健康效应空间分布

以全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的监测数据为基础，运用空间插值法模拟中国PM_2.5在10kmx10km空间网格尺度上的暴露水平，利用BenMap工具估计2017年中国PM_2.5污染的健康损失，在城市尺度上对PM_2.5污染的健康经济损失进行空间分析.结果表明，在统计意义层面上，2017年PM_2.5污染共计造成我国321435例早逝、746078例住院、14877551例患病，健康经济损失约为12625亿元，占当年全国GDP的1.53%.从城市尺度来看，健康效应呈现出一定的空间聚集效应，京津冀地区城市较为严重.在空间分布上，主要以“高-高”型和“低-低”型分布为主，即健康经济损失高值城市相互聚集、健康经济损失低值城市也相互聚集，并且存在高值城市之间相互影响并逐渐向四周扩散，进而影响周围低值城市的现象.     

厌氧生物处理反应器混合流态及其分析

复合流态已成为厌氧反应器工艺的设计与开发应用的发展方向。就厌氧反应器的流态分析、要求及新型厌氧处理技术(SMPA)作了系统的分析介绍 ,提出了改进厌氧处理工艺设计的思路。     

Using a pattern‐oriented approach to study leaders: Implications for burnout and perceived role demand

Using a pattern‐oriented approach, we identified clusters of leaders who shared theoretically meaningful combinations of transformational, contingent reward, management by exception active, management by exception passive, and laissez‐faire leadership styles. Drawing upon conservation of resources theory, we examined whether leaders who shared a similar pattern of leadership styles differed from leaders who belonged to other profile groups, with respect to felt burnout and perceived role demands. Hypotheses were tested using a time‐lagged field study involving 183 leaders. Using latent profile analyses, we found four theoretically interpretable patterns. Leaders who belonged to the comprehensive cluster (elevated scores on the transformational, contingent reward, and the passive styles; 14.2%) experienced the highest levels of burnout and role demands, whereas those who were disengaged (low scores on all styles; 33.3%) reported the lowest levels. Leaders who exhibited a passive behavioral pattern (elevated scores on management by exception active, management by exception passive, and laissez‐faire relative to the other styles; 27.3%) experienced more burnout and role demands than did leaders who exhibited an optimal pattern (elevated scores on transformational and contingent reward styles relative to the passive styles; 25.1%). The theoretical and practical implications of a pattern‐oriented approach to leadership research were discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.